(Chemistry Ch-1) 1. Nature of Matter

• Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
• Three physical states of matter

• Characteristics of solid
  • Definite volume
  • Definite shape

• Characteristics of liquid
  • Definite volume
  • Indefinite shape

• Characteristics of gas
  • Indefinite volume
  • Indefinite shape

• Arrangement of particles in the three states

• Inter-conversion between the three states

• Classification of matter in macroscopic level

• Mixtures
  • Components are present in any ratio.
  • Homogeneous mixture − Uniform composition throughout the mixture.
  • Heterogeneous mixture − Non-uniform composition throughout the mixture.
  • Components can be separated by physical methods such as hand picking, filtration, crystallization, distillation, etc.

• Pure substances
  • Fixed composition
  • Constituents cannot be separated by simple physical methods.
  • Elements contain only one type of particles − atoms (example Na, K, Cu, C, Ag) or molecules [Example: H₂, N₂, O₂, F₂]
  • Compounds are formed by the combination of two or more atoms of different elements. [Example: water (H₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂)]
  • Constituents of compounds cannot be separated by physical methods; they can be separated by chemical methods only.

Add to your knowledge
Apart from solid, liquid and gas there are two other states of matter. These are: Plasma Bose-Einstein Condensate
Plasma State consisting of super-energetic and super-excited particles Particles are in ionised conditions Example: Helium gas present inside a fluorescent tube ionises when electric charge is applied
Bose-Einstein Condensate Consists of super-unenergetic and super-cold particles Formed when a gas of extremely lower density is cooled to extremely low pressure Can be created with few elements, such as rubidium